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Instal the new for ios URL Manager Pro2/13/2024 ![]() Open your email invitation and tap “View in TestFlight” or tap the public link on your iOS device.Testing iMessage apps (iOS or iPadOS 10, or later) If the Apple Watch app is available and compatible with your watch, there will be a button to install, update, or open it. If the app is an iOS app that includes an Apple Watch app, install the iOS app first, then go to the App Details page in the Information section.If you're testing an app that’s for Apple Watch only, tap "Install" from the Apps list.Open your email invitation and tap "View in TestFlight" or tap on the public link on your iOS device.Install TestFlight on the iOS device paired with the Apple Watch that you’ll use for testing.Installing a beta watchOS app via email or public link invitation If you’re a returning tester, touch Update or Open.Touch Install to install the app on your device.If you’re a new tester for the app, touch Accept.Open your email invitation and touch "View in TestFlight" or touch the public link on your device.Installing a beta visionOS app via email or public link invitation You must be signed in to the same App Store account you used on your device. Tap Accept for the app you want to test.Install TestFlight on an iOS or iPadOS device and Apple TV where you can sign in to the same App Store account.Installing a beta tvOS app via public link invitation Go to Redeem and enter the redemption code.You'll be taken to a web page with a redemption code. Open your email invitation on a mobile device or computer.Installing a beta tvOS app via email invitation If you’re a returning tester, click Update or Open.Click Install to install the app on your device.If you’re a new tester for the app, click Accept.Open your email invitation and click "View in TestFlight" or click the public link on your Mac.Install TestFlight on the Mac that you’ll use for testing.Installing a beta macOS app via email or public link invitation If you’re a returning tester, tap Update or Open.Tap Install to install the app on your device.If you’re a new tester for the app, tap Accept.Open your email invitation and tap "View in TestFlight" or tap the public link on your device.Install TestFlight on the iOS or iPadOS device that you’ll use for testing.Installing a beta iOS or iPadOS app via email or public link invitation Note: Managed Apple IDs can't be used to test builds. You can install the beta app on up to 30 devices. Then, accept your email invitation or follow the public link invitation to install the beta app. To get started, install TestFlight on the device you’ll use for testing. Note: To automatically download additional in-app content and assets in the background once a beta app is installed in iOS 16, iPadOS 16, or macOS 13, turn on Additional In-App Content in your App Store settings for iPhone, iPad, and Mac. In-app purchases are free only during beta testing, and any in-app purchases made during testing will not carry over to App Store versions. To install the App Store version of the app, download or purchase the app from the App Store. When the testing period is over, you'll no longer be able to open the beta build. Alternatively, with TestFlight 3 or later, you can turn on automatic updates to have the latest beta builds install automatically. TestFlight will notify you each time a new build is available and will include instructions on what you need to test. You can see how many days you have left for testing under the app name in TestFlight. visionOSĮach build is available to test for up to 90 days, starting from the day the developer uploads their build. ![]()
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Iobit uninstaller 10.6 pro key2/13/2024 It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South ( Eurocentrism). Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. 26% of Wikipedia's traffic is from the United States, followed by Japan at 5.9%, the United Kingdom at 5.4%, Germany at 5%, Russia at 4.8%, and the remaining 54% split among other countries, according to data provided by Similarweb. Wikipedia's editions when combined, comprises more than 62 million articles, attracting around 2 billion unique device visits per month and more than 14 million edits per month (about 5.2 edits per second on average) as of November 2023. Initially only available in English, editions in other languages were quickly developed. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, on January 15, 2001, it is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization. It has been ranked consistently one of the 10 most popular websites in the world, and, as of 2023, ranks as the 4th most viewed website by Semrush. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. Wikipedia is a free-content online encyclopedia, written and maintained by a community of volunteers, collectively known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system called MediaWiki. IObit Uninstaller Pro 10.6.0.Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL media licensing varies After all of these enjoy the Latest Version of 2021.Please copy and paste loader or cracked files into the installation folder.Install the setup after install closes it from everywhere.After Download Unpack or extract the RAR file and open setup.Hard Disk Space required: 100 MB of free hard disk space required.Memory (RAM) required: 1 GB of RAM required.Supported Operating System: Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.Support to delete the latest Universal Windows Platform applications on Win 10.Support deleting Windows applications under non-administrator accounts.IObit provides a series of free and purchasable software for the device: Driver Booster, Smart Defrag, IObit Unlocker, etc.The newly enhanced Chrome plug-ins removal can remove the plug-ins not installed via Chrome store.And clean up other useless update/installation packages and invalid shortcuts, etc.IObit Uninstaller Pro 10 Free Download 2021 can also remove programs and pre-installed apps in Windows 10.You can easily update the software via the secure download link for the latest version on the publisher’s website.The improved Toolbar & Plug-in removal will monitor and remove all these useless programs and give you a fast and clean online surfing experience.Improved leftover scanning algorithms for less system resource usage and faster scanning.Automatically update to the latest version.Automatically clean up residues that other utilities cannot delete.It has a powerful and fast scanning function to ensure more thorough removal.Uninstall Windows Apps even under a non-admin account. ![]()
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Jotform and airtable integrations2/13/2024 You can map it with a Single Line Text field. ![]() To resolve the issue, you need to reintegrate Airtable on your form by removing the integration and adding it back again. There seems to be a connection problem between your Airtable integration and your form. Sign up for an account here: Example: Lets say you have already established an Airtable base with data on clients you serve. Map the Form Calculation field with a field in Airtable. Thanks for reaching out to Jotform Support.Click on Settings, then select Integrations on the left, then select Airtable.Then we need to map the Short Text field with Airtable. Airtable is designed to help users quickly and easily put together custom databases, spreadsheets, and forms. Jotform Sign’s Airtable integration sends e-signed documents to Airtable automatically, allowing you to keep incoming data organized and collaborate with your team. Click on Add Field button and select Get Form Page URL value, then click on the item on the right side of the value which is indicated to change its type to String. Airtable is a spreadsheet database platform that helps teams organize and collaborate on their work. ![]() Switch to the Widgets tab, then click on Form Calculation.In Form Builder, click on Add Form Element + on the left side of the page.You just need to use the Form Calculation widget to copy the Get Form Page URL widget’s value and then map this field with Airtable. ![]() Although the feature you’re looking for isn’t currently available for our Airtable integration, you can achieve what you want with a workaround. Thanks for reaching out to Jotform Support.
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Lovense lush vibe2/13/2024 ![]() With the velvety soft silicone and a splash of your favourite water-based lube, you will never get bored of putting this brilliant buzzer to use.Ĭlean your lush lover with warm water and mild soap or sex toy cleaner for good hygiene. The unlimited amount of ways to design the vibrations when using the app, with features such as voice activation and syncing it to your favourite song, means an unlimited amount of ways to reach the big O! You can also enjoy the 7 divine default vibrations. Let your partner take control from anywhere in the world, or have at it in your own glorious company for some solo fun. ![]() ![]() In addition, the charging port has been updated to a magnetic one for an easier charging process. Add the improved intensity of the vibrations and the contoured, voluptuous head that puts pressure right on the G-spot, and you’ve got the recipe for pure spine-tingling pleasure. Upgraded since Lush 2, this novelty tool is gifted with an expertly shaped tail and form that hugs your body shape to stay in place inside your vagina during play. The Lovense Lush 3 is the iconic public sex toy, now. It will be slightly more if you stay on the low end of the speed range, and just under 2 hours if you run it on high power all the way. Use the app for long distance play, sync vibrations up to music, and moreUS166. Buzzing bliss, tickling tease, and deep, vigorous vibrations can keep you on the edge of your seat or drive you to climax at the office, in your bed or while visiting the in-laws! When the Lovense Lush 3 is actively vibrating, 2 hours battery life is normal. Get ready for deep, rumbly vibrations designed to directly stimulate the g-spot. No matter the time or place, your partner can take control of your pleasure via the Lovense Remote app. Orgasms will know no boundaries with the app-controlled Lush 3 egg vibrator by Lovense.
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Other recent enhancements include onboarding tutorials that appear when you first run the app or any of its tools that you haven’t used before. If you’re a longtime user who never figured out that DC stood for Document Cloud, you’re a member of a popular club. Getting Started With Adobe Acrobat ProĪ subscription-based copy of Acrobat updates itself every two or three months, and the latest release changes the app's name from Acrobat Pro DC to Acrobat Pro. Adobe stands out among the competition for its secure Document Cloud service that makes it easy to exchange PDFs via the cloud and lets you perform advanced signing and editing functions on Adobe’s mobile PDF apps. It also adds redaction features, editing features that let you correct typos and replace images, file-comparison features for finding differences between versions, and PDF-signing features that let you create and process documents for others to sign. Microsoft Edge does this under Windows, and Preview does the job on a Mac.Ī commercial app like Acrobat Pro adds optical character recognition (OCR) to convert scanned documents into searchable PDFs. Why should you pay for a PDF app? After all, modern operating systems have built-in PDF viewing and markup software that let you draw arrows and circles or add text-only notes to existing PDFs. If you start up Acrobat on a third machine, you’ll be prompted to log out of one of two machines you already use, and you can always go back to the logged-out machine and log in again. You can use two desktop or laptop copies of Acrobat with your account it doesn’t matter if the two copies are on the same OS platform or different ones. It lets you add comments to PDFs as the full-priced versions do. The free Adobe Acrobat Reader version is available for Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android. ![]() If you don’t like subscriptions, older, lower-featured permanent-license (one-time payment) versions are available: Acrobat Pro 2020 costs $538.80, and Acrobat Standard 2020 costs $358.80. If you choose Standard, you don’t get document comparison, redaction, or built-in OCR that converts scanned PDFs to editable documents.Īs a software reviewer, I get a lot of free review copies of many apps, but Acrobat Pro is one of the few apps I happily pay for every year. It's $22.99 per month if you pay monthly with no commitment. ![]()
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Sudo apt upgrade ubuntu2/12/2024 N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default. N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for reposttory creation and user configuration detalls.Į: Falled to fetch 483 Forbidden Į: The repository ' jammy-securtty InRelease' is no longer signed. N: Updating from such a reposttory can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.Į: The repository ' jammy-updates InRelease' is no longer stgned.Į: Failed to fetch 403 Forbtdden [IP: 91.189.91.39 80)Į: Failed to fetch 403 Forbtdden Į: The repository ' jarmy-backports InRelease' is no longer signed. N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration detalls. N: Updating from such a reposttory can't be done securely, and ts therefore disabled by default.Į: The reposttory ' jammy InRelease' ts no longer signed.Į: Failed to fetch 403 Forbidden ![]() Packages will never be removed.N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for reposttory creatton and user conftguration detatls. New packages will be installed if required to satisfy dependencies, but existing Upgrade is used to install available upgrades of all packages currently installed on the system from the sourcesĬonfigured via sources.list(5). perform package upgrades or search in and display details about all packages available for installation. Other commands operate on this data toĮ.g. Update is used to download package information from all configured sources. Much like apt itself, its manpage is intended as an end user interface and as such only mentions the most used commandsĪnd options partly to not duplicate information in multiple places and partly to avoid overwhelming readers with a Interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default compared to more specialized APT tools There is zero harm in doing so.Īpt provides a high-level commandline interface for the package management system. It is what Discover/Gnome Software/packagekit use under the hood, and is how Ubuntu was set up to use. Most of the time, running the latter in Ubuntu is just fine, but there will be times when this won't install all the updates, just like the old apt-get upgrade would not, but not to the extreme.įor people who use PPAs, and particularly Kubuntu users who use their Backports and/or Updates PPAs, if you don't use full-upgrade you won't get all the new deps, and many packages won't be installed, and thus creating conflicts and breakages. Ubuntu uses apt full-upgrade over simply apt upgrade. Now, with the move to plain 'apt', there still is a difference. just as the command would seem to indicate. apt-get dist-upgradewas the correct way to install updates in Ubuntu, while on Debian, it was part of the methods used to upgrade that distro to a newer release. Using apt-get upgrade in Ubuntu would not install all the available updates and their new dependencies, whereas in Debian this was the correct usage, as there would not be new dependencies, by design. ![]() ![]() This was more prominent back when apt-get was the norm. The confusions come from the differences between how Debian and Ubuntu updates happen. Now, in recent years, the command has changed, from the old apt-get to just apt You need to use both, as they do different things.Īpt full-upgrade install the updates found from apt update.
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Halogen vs led flood lights2/12/2024 ![]() Type of Tennis Court Play Light Level Light Uniformity The minimum maintained average tennis court light level and average uniformity required for each standard of play measured as horizontal illuminance in lux is as follows: The Australian Standards (series 2560.2) contain the minimum recommended illuminance levels measured in lux for the lighting of outdoor tennis courts according to whether the court is to be used for training versus club competition or international levels of play or both. ![]() The Australian and New Zealand Standards for Tennis Court lighting are “ AS 2560.2.1 – 2003 Sports Lighting, Part 2.1: Specific applications – Lighting for outdoor tennis.” Obviously for home courts the lighting levels need to be lower and we need to ensure the light does not spill over into neighboring houses.Whereas for club competition light levels have to be a lot higher to ensure the highest standard of tennis play. The amount of light required for tennis courts depends on the application. The tennis ball, regardless of the location and speed, whether it be at home or in a competition stadium, always needs to be clearly visible and requires a high quality and well designed LED tennis court light. With tennis players serving in excess of 200 km/h the lighting needs to be exceptional so that both server and receiver can clearly see the fast moving tennis ball on the tennis court. Tennis Court Lighting System RequirementsĪn outdoor tennis court whether that be for commercial stadiums to residential tennis courts requires a very high quantity and quality of light to provide good visibility for players, spectators, competition judges, umpires and team officials so that they can clearly see everything that is going on in a fast moving game or training area, and so that the tennis players can produce their best possible results and keep their eye on the ball or so that social players can have an enjoyable and quality well lit tennis game at their private tennis court at home. Our 480W LED Tennis Court Flood Lights ( LITE-BR-FL-480) were selected to meet the requirements of their tennis court lighting project with great results. The players at Somerton Tennis club were looking to improve their night lighting for social and club competition play as their aging 1500W metal halide tennis court lights were not lasting and requiring ongoing maintenance. PLEASE CONTACT US ABOUT OUR NEW 2019 ASYMMETRIC TENNIS COURT LIGHTS However, halogen bulbs do not offer as wide a range of color temperatures as LED bulbs, which are available in a much wider range of color temperatures and can even offer customizable color temperatures.LED Tennis Court Lights replace 1500W Metal Halides at Somerton Tennis Club Other benefits of using LEDs are that they are free of any harmful chemicals or gases.īoth types of bulbs are available in various colors and color temperatures.Halogen produces infrared light that can damage artwork and fabrics, and they are sensitive to skin oils, requiring gloves during installation.Because of their delicate filament, vibration can shorten their lifespan. Halogen bulbs are fragile–particularly when they’re close to rotating equipment like fans or compressors.While LEDs light bulbs are also shatterproof, and cooler to the touch after use. ![]()
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Who sings abc in kindergarten cop 22/12/2024 ![]() ![]() Following its Us premiere at Overlook Film Festival the film won the event’s Scariest Film Award. ![]() ![]() UK sales outfit Jinga Films has boarded Brandon Christensen’s debut supernatural horror Still/Born for international sales with ICM Partners representing North America. Jinga to rep international and ICM Partners to handle North America. Filled with all-new stunts and choreography, Bring It On: Worldwide #Cheersmack features 19 squads from around the globe, including teams from Australia, U.K., Germany and France, in addition to the Northern Elite Gymnastics and Cheer team from the United States. Delivering more rivalry, fierceness and cheer puns like never before, the Bring it On franchise goes global for the very first time in the high energy sixth installment, Bring It On: Worldwide #Cheersmack, debuting on Blu-ray, DVD, Digital HD and OnDemand on Augfrom Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and Beacon Pictures. Featuring 19 squads from around the world, including Germany, Australia and France, cheer will be spread globally with exciting new stunts and choreography for one epic competition hosted by the Cheer Goddess ( Vivica A. Pull out those megaphones because Bring It On: Worldwide #Cheersmack, will be arriving on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on Augfrom Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. Fox ( Kill Bill, Independence Day) along with rising talent, Cristine Prosperi (“ Degrassi: The Next Generation,” Betrayed), Jordan Rodrigues (“ The Fosters,” “ Dance Academy”), Sophie Vavasseur ( Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Evelyn), and Gia Ré (“Jinx,” “Rocket’s Island”), the film. The film is the perfect hybrid of cheerleading and dance for a non-stop worldwide showdown. As audiences embark on this cinematic journey through his extraordinary career, they'll undoubtedly discover why his work continues to stand the test of time.Delivering more rivalry, fierceness and cheer puns like never before, the Bring it On franchise goes global for the very first time in the high energy sixth installment, Bring It On: Worldwide #Cheersmack, debuting on Blu-ray, DVD, Digital HD and OnDemand on Augfrom Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and Beacon Pictures. These beloved films, featuring unforgettable performances by Murphy, continue to resonate with fans and critics alike. With such a diverse array of memorable performances, the best Murphy movies provide a thrilling cinematic experience that showcases his incredible talent and the many facets of his acting prowess. Each of these iconic films highlights Eddie Murphy's remarkable range and versatility, further cementing his status as one of cinema's brightest stars. And in Coming to America, the actor delivers yet another standout performance as a young African prince seeking true love in New York City. In Trading Places, he proves his comedic genius by playing a homeless man thrust into a high-stakes bet between wealthy stockbrokers. For instance, Murphy's undeniable star power shines through in the action-comedy classic Beverly Hills Cop, where he steals the show as wisecracking detective Axel Foley. The exceptional quality of these movies, combined with Murphy's charisma and acting prowess, solidifies their place among the greatest Eddie Murphy movies of all time.Īmong the exceptional Eddie Murphy movies that have captured the hearts of fans and critics alike, certain unforgettable films stand out as shining examples of the actor's incredible versatility and talent. From embodying a streetwise detective in action-packed flicks to portraying endearing characters in heartwarming tales, Murphy never fails to leave an indelible impression. Delving into the rich tapestry of his career, this comprehensive collection highlights his most unforgettable roles, from laugh-out-loud comedies to thought-provoking dramas.Īs a versatile actor who can effortlessly captivate audiences, each of the top Murphy films featured here showcases his ability to bring different characters to life. With countless memorable performances under his belt, it's no wonder fans are always eager to discuss the best Murphy movies. Eddie Murphy, an iconic figure in the world of film and comedy, has a diverse and acclaimed portfolio that showcases his undeniable talent.
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Nocturia and nocturnal polyuria2/12/2024 ![]() While exact prevalence rates vary across studies depending on the definition used, nocturia has been reported in a substantial proportion of all populations studied and across nationalities as well as sex and age groups. Madersbacher S, Cornu JN (2013) Norcturnal polyuria: It´s all about definition, and be patient.Nocturia (frequent nighttime urination) is a common condition that interrupts sleep throughout the course of the night and is often described as the most bothersome of all urinary symptoms. Weiss JP, Bosch JL, Drake M, Dmochowski RR, Hashim H, Hijaz A, Johnson TM, Juul KV, Nørgaard JP, Norton P, Robinson D, Tikkinen KA, Van Kerrebroeck PE, Wein AJ (2012) Nocturia think tank: focus on nocturnal polyuria. Hofmeester I, Kollen BJ, Steffens MG, Bosch JL, Drake MJ, Weiss JP, Blanker MH (2014) The association between nocturia and nocturnal polyuria in clinical and epidemiological studies: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Smith AL, Wein AJ (2011) Outcomes of pharmacological management of nocturia with non-antidiuretic agents: does statistically significant equal clinically significant? BJU Int 107(10):1550–1554 J Urol 190(3):953–957īlanker MH, Groeneveld F, Bohnen AM, Bernsen RM, Prins A, Thomas S, Ruud Bosch JL (2001) Voided volumes: normal values and relation to lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly men, a community-based study. īreyer BN, Shindel AW, Erickson BA, Blaschko SD, Steers WD, Rosen RC (2013) The association of depression, anxiety and nocturia: a systematic review. J Urol 203(3):486–495Īraujo AB, Yaggi HK, Yang M, McVary KT, Fang SC, Bliwise DL (2014) Sleep related problems and urological symptoms: testing the hypothesis of bidirectionality in a longitudinal, population based study. Pesonen JS, Cartwright R, Vernooij RWM, Aoki Y, Agarwal A, Mangera A, Markland AD, Tsui JF, Santti H, Griebling TL, Pryalukhin AE, Riikonen J, Tähtinen RM, Vaughan CP, Johnson TM 2nd, Auvinen A, Heels-Ansdell D, Guyatt GH, Tikkinen KAO (2020) The impact of nocturia on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Peyronnet B, Pradere F, Bruyere F (2014) Prise en charge de la nycturie: una entité nosologique au sein des trubles mictionnels de l’homme. Van Doorn B, Bosch R (2011) Nocturia in older men. Goessaert AS, Walle JV, Bosch R, Hoebeke P, Everaert K (2016) Nocturnal polyuria: excess of nocturnal urine production, excess of definitions-influence on renal function profile. Häkkinen J, Hakama M, Shiri R, Auvinen A, Tammela T, Koskimäki T (2006) Incidence of nocturia in 50 to 80-year-old finnish men. Tikkinen KA, Tammela TL, Rissanen AM, Valpas A, Huhtala H, Auvinen A (2007) Is the prevalence of overactive bladder overestimated? A population-based study in Finland. Robinson D, Suman S (2018) Managing nocturia: the multidisciplinary approach. Weiss JP (2012) Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. J Urol 188:869–874ĭani H, Esdaille A, Weiss JP (2016) Nocturia: aetiology and treatment in adults. Van Haarst EP, Bosch R (2012) A cut off value based on analysis of a reference population decrease overestimation of the prevalence of nocturnal polyuria. Romain J, Torny F, Dumas JP, Gamé X, Descazeaud A (2015) La polyurie nocturne est-elle plus fréquente chez les patients parkinsoniens? Progress en urologie 25(6):312–317 Graham JN, Desroches BR, Weiss JP (2014) Nocturia causes vary with each decade. Weiss J, Juul KV, Wein AJ (2014) Management of nocturia: the role of antidiureic pharmacotherapy. BJUI Int 107:791–798īosch R, Everaert K, Weiss J, Hashim H, Rahnama MS, Goessaert AS, Aizen J (2016) Would a new definition and classification of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria improve our management of patients? ICI-RS 2014. Udo Y, Nakao M, Honjo H, Ukimura O, Kawauchi A, Kitakoji H, Miki T (2010) Analysis of nocturia with 24-h urine volume, nocturnal urine volume, nocturnal bladder capacity and length of sleep duration: concept for effective treatment modality. Musso CG, Juarez R, Terrasa S, Gonzalez-Torres H, Aroca-Martinez G (2019) Osmotic diuresis in chronic kidney disease: its significance and clinical utility. Mahon M, Amaechi G, Slattery F, Sheridan AL, Roche E (2018) Fifteen-minute consultation: polydipsia, polyuria or both. In: Musso CG, Jauregui JR, Macías-Núñez JF, Covic A (eds) Clinical nephrogeriatrics. Musso CG, Vilas M (2019) Water electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in the elderly.
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Trelegy ics laba lama about2/12/2024 15,16 Environmental pollution, temperature, and pulmonary embolism are also known exacerbation triggers. 3,15 The majority of exacerbations result from respiratory infections caused by virus (e.g., human rhinovirus) and bacteria (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). 3 To establish an official diagnosis of COPD in a patient with risk factors and symptoms, a postbronchodilator FEV 1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV 1/FVC) 0.34 x 10 9 cells/L) are also at increased risk for COPD exacerbations. 3,5Ī diagnosis of COPD, therefore, should be considered in patients with a prior history of risk-factor exposure, in addition to symptom development such as dyspnea, chronic cough, or sputum production. 3 The structural narrowing of the peripheral airways, in addition to the chronic inflammation, is directly related to the reduction in the volume of air exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration (FEV 1) typically seen in patients with COPD. Over time, chronic inflammation causes structural changes to the airway, resulting in progressive airflow limitation seen upon spirometry. 3 As the lungs are exposed to noxious particles or gases, they become inflamed. The degree of chronic airflow limitation is measured by spirometry and progresses at varying rates over time, differing from person to person. The management of COPD depends on the assessment of disease severity. 3 The World Health Organization projects that by the year 2030, COPD will be the third-leading cause of death worldwide owing to an increase in risk-factor exposure and the aging of the world’s population. 1-3 Tobacco smoke is one of the greatest risk factors for the development of COPD.Īside from tobacco smoke, exposure to noxious particles from the environment and various host factors, including genetics, age, and airway hyper-responsiveness, also influence disease development. The GOLD report defines COPD as a preventable disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms. ![]() ![]() Since 2001, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has released guidelines to provide clinicians with the tools they need to properly and consistently diagnose, manage, and prevent COPD. Additionally, there were also modifications to the pharmacotherapy treatment algorithm and new recommendations for the prevention and management of acute COPD exacerbations. ![]() The updated GOLD report includes a simplified version of the ABCD assessment tool, which separates symptoms and exacerbation risk from the severity of airflow limitation. The GOLD guideline recently underwent a major revision in 2017, in addition to a minor revision in 2018, to account for new evidence surrounding the assessment of disease severity, as well as therapeutic recommendations for the management of COPD. The guideline incorporates evidence-based recommendations regarding the assessment of disease severity, choice of pharmacologic treatment, and strategies for the management and prevention of acute exacerbations. ABSTRACT: Healthcare professionals across the world utilize the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline to guide the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). |